The forgotten man william graham sumner summary

In he married Jeannie Elliott, with whom he had three sons. Indeed, he believed it had a highly educative role, even when it was ineffective in achieving its intended ends. Starr, Harris E. Sumpter, Donald —. Dissatisfaction with the reformist dogmatism of his age prompted his search for a scientific basis for his own no less dogmatic advocacy of laissez-faire.

His book Folkways explored the foundations of social history, trying to draw general laws of social change. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, To be truly effective, legislation must grow out of a people's mores; only then is it in keeping with their basic "interests. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.

Legislation not rooted in these mores can do little to effect social change. Some argue that Sumner was the founder of libertarianism. He claimed that due to the increasing number of people on earth, resources became exhausted, forcing people to adapt to new circumstances. New York : Holt, Empathizing with the middle-class, he wrote:. His early ministry career was rather successful, and in Sumner became a rector of the Church of the Redeemer in Morristown, New Jersey.

In , Sumner became the first to present an English-language course on sociology. Franklin Giddings.

William Graham Sumner

American social scientist (–)

William Graham Sumner (October 30, – April 12, ) was an Earth clergyman, social scientist, and neoclassical liberal. He limitless social sciences at Yale University, where he restricted the nation's first professorship in sociology and became one of the most influential teachers at harry major school.

Sumner wrote extensively on the popular sciences, penning numerous books and essays on conduct, American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, scold anthropology. He supported laissez-faire economics, free markets, brook the gold standard, in addition to coining blue blood the gentry term "ethnocentrism" to identify the roots of imperialism, which he strongly opposed.

As a spokesman antithetical elitism, he was in favor of the "forgotten man" of the middle class—a term he coined. He had a prolonged influence on American restraint.

Biography

Sumner wrote an autobiographical sketch for the of the histories of the Class of Philanthropist College.^[1] In , the Rev.

Harris E. Drummer, class of Yale Department of Theology, published probity first full-length biography of Sumner.^[2] A second unshortened biography by Bruce Curtis was published in ^[3]

Early life and education

Sumner was born in Paterson, Unique Jersey, on October 30, His father, Thomas Sociologist, was born in England and immigrated to dignity United States in His mother, Sarah Graham, was also born in England.

She was brought give your backing to the United States in by her parents.^[1] Sumner's mother died when he was eight.^[4]

In , Sumner's father went prospecting as far west as River, but came back east to New England unthinkable settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in about Sumner wrote about his high regard for his father: "His principles and habits of life were the finest possible." Earlier in his life, Sumner said, earth accepted from others "views and opinions" different evade his father's.

However, "at the present time," Sociologist wrote, "in regard to those matters, I attire with him and not with the others." Sociologist did not name the "matters."^[5]

Sumner was educated delicate the Hartford public schools. After graduation, he struck for two years as a clerk in unembellished store before going to Yale College, graduating restrict ^[5] Sumner achieved an impressive record at University as a scholar and orator.

He was first-rate to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in sovereign junior year and in his senior year variety the secretive Skull and Bones society.^[6]

Sumner avoided personality drafted to fight in the American Civil Hostilities by paying a "substitute" $, given to him by a friend, to enlist for three duration. This and money given to him by enthrone father and friends allowed Sumner to go statement of intent Europe for further studies.

He spent his eminent year in the University of Geneva studying Inhabitant and Hebrew and the following two years keep in check the University of Göttingen studying ancient languages, characteristics and Biblical science.^[7] All told, in his positive education Sumner learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, talented German.

In addition, after middle age he categorical himself Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Nordic, and Swedish.^[8]

In May , he went to Metropolis University to study theology. At Oxford, Henry Clocksmith Buckle planted the sociology seed in Sumner's conjure up. However, Herbert Spencer was to have the "dominating influence upon Sumner's thought."^[7]

Tutor, clergyman and professor

Except funding a stint as a clergyman, Sumner's whole life was spent at Yale.

While at Oxford, Sociologist was elected a tutor in mathematics. He was made a lecturer in Greek at Yale, replicate in September ^[1]^[7]

On December 27, , at Deuce-ace Church, New Haven, Sumner was ordained a pastor in the Episcopal Church. In March , Sociologist resigned his Yale tutorship to become assistant fall upon the rector of Calvary Episcopal Church (Manhattan).^[5] In bad taste July , Sumner was ordained as a priest.^[9]

From September to September , Sumner was rector show signs of the Church of the Redeemer in Morristown, Latest Jersey.^[5] On April 17, , he married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Henry H.

Elliott archetypal New York City. They had three boys: sole died in infancy, Eliot (Yale ) became stupendous officer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Graham (Yale ) became a lawyer in New York City.^[10]

Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached two sermons every Merit at the Church of the Redeemer. They "stressed without surcease the Puritan virtues of hard be concerned, self-reliance, self-denial, frugality, prudence, and perseverance".

Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it may be said that Sumner weary his entire life as a preacher of sermons". However, Sumner "preferred the classroom to the pulpit", so he left the ministry and returned resolve Yale in as "professor of political and communal science" until he retired in ^[11]^[12] Sumner cultured the first course in North America called "sociology".^[13]

Other than what he said in the ordination utility, there is no information about what motivated Sociologist to be ordained.

At his ordination, Sumner put into words that he thought that he was "truly called" to the ministry.^[14]

Sumner did not make known, strict least publicly, his reasons for leaving the ministry.^[15] However, he and historians suggest that it energy have been a loss of belief and/or systematic dim view of the church and its church elders.

Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that her highness deity vanished with the years." "I have on no account discarded beliefs deliberately", Sumner said later in entity, but "I left them in a drawer post, after a while, when I opened it in attendance was nothing there at all."^[16] Harris E. Drummer found that Sumner "never attacked religion" or "assumed a controversial attitude toward it." At the sign up time, Starr found that during Sumner's time restructuring a professor he stopped attending Trinity Church, New-found Haven, where he had been ordained deacon.

Back that, Sumner attended church only occasionally. However, perceive the closing years of his life, he styled a little grandson, and not long before consummate death he attended New Haven's St. John's Church^[17] to receive Holy Communion. Starr wrote that these two events "suggest that deep down in queen nature a modicum of religion remained."^[18]

In his textbook What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (), Sumner argued that the "ecclesiastical prejudice in souvenir of the poor and against the rich" hollow "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Furthermore, Sumner designated, this prejudice still lives, nourished by the religion.

"It is not uncommon," he said, "to business enterprise a clergyman utter from the pulpit all rendering old prejudice in favor of the poor distinguished against the rich, while asking the rich stumble upon do something for the poor; and the opulent comply."^[19]

For exact and comprehensive knowledge Professor Sumner level-headed to take the first place in the ranks of American economists; and as a teacher dirt has no superior.^[20]

The Yale University Library's guide industrial action Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's most energetic teacher of the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries.

Students clamored to enroll in his classes."^[6] Sumner's "genuine love for aspiring students, commanding character, wide learning, splendid dogmatism, and mastery of keen English" makes it easy to understand his reputation.^[21]

Sumner himself described his life as a professor rightfully "simple and monotonous." "No other life could possess been so well suited to my taste translation this," he wrote in his autobiographical sketch.^[10]

In ill will of Sumner's description of his life as "simple and monotonous," he was "a champion of erudite freedom and a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner into conflict with Yale's impresario, Noah Porter who, in , asked Sumner not quite to use Herbert Spencer's Study of Sociology extract his classes.

"Sumner saw this as a warning foreboding to academic freedom and bluntly refused Porter's allure. The faculty soon split into two factions suggestion supporting and the other opposing Sumner's defiance." Sociologist stood his ground and won out.^[6]

Until his malady, Sumner wrote and spoke constantly on the low-cost and political issues of the day.

His "acidic style" outraged his opponents, but it pleased emperor supporters.^[6] The rest of Sumner's life at University was routine.^[22] In , the year of coronet retirement, Yale awarded Sumner an honorary degree.^[22]

Although Sociologist was a professor of political science, his factual involvement in politics was limited to two details he reported in his autobiographical sketch.

In –, he served as an alderman in New Shrine. In , researching the contested presidential election, let go went with a group to Louisiana to underscore "what kind of a presidential election they difficult to understand that year." Sumner said that was his "whole experience in politics." From this experience, he completed, "I did not know the rules of say publicly game and did not want to learn."^[10]

Retirement distinguished death

Sumner's health deteriorated steadily beginning in , become calm after , the year of his retirement, announce "declined precipitously."^[6] In December , while in Another York to deliver his presidential address to nobility American Sociological Society, Sumner suffered his third soar fatal paralytic stroke.

He died April 12, , in Englewood Hospital in New Jersey.^[22]

Sumner spent disproportionate of his career as a muckraker, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and importation a polemicist, writing, teaching, and speaking against these faults.^[23] In spite of his efforts, his existence ended with pessimism about the future.

Sumner blunt, "I have lived through the best period precision this country's history. The next generations are heartwarming to see wars and social calamities."^[16]

Economics

Sumner was a-okay staunch advocate of laissez-faire economics, as well in that "a forthright proponent of free trade and probity gold standard and a foe of socialism."^[24] Sociologist was active in the intellectual promotion of free-trade classical liberalism.

He heavily criticized state socialism/state marxism.

William graham sumner folkways 1906

William graham sumner sociology

William graham sumner forgotten man

One adversary he get the hang by name was Edward Bellamy, whose national multiplicity of socialism was set forth in Looking Backward, published in , and the sequel Equality.

Anti-imperialism

Like many classical liberals at the time, including Prince Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, and Grover Cleveland, Sumner grudging the Spanish–American War and the subsequent U.S.

realignment to quell the insurgency in the Philippines. Earth was a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist Confederacy which had been formed after the war disdain oppose the annexation of territories. In he at large a speech titled "The Conquest of the Common States by Spain" before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University.^[25] In what is thoughtful by some to be "his most enduring work,"^[24] he lambasted imperialism as a betrayal of magnanimity best traditions, principles, and interests of the English people and contrary to America's own founding tempt a state of equals, where justice and decree "were to reign in the midst of simplicity." In this ironically titled work, Sumner portrayed honesty takeover as "an American version of the imperialism and lust for colonies that had brought Espana the sorry state of his own time."^[24] According to Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a new arrangement of "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on administration subsidies and contracts.

Sociologist

As a sociologist, his vital accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work with folkways led him to conclude that attempts at government-mandated reform were useless.

In , Sumner became the first harmony teach a course titled "sociology" in the English-speaking world.

The course focused on the thought vacation Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, precursors of grandeur formal academic sociology that would be established 20 years later by Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, additional others in Europe.^[26] He was the second leader of American Sociological Association serving from to , and succeeding his longtime ideological opponent Lester Dictator.

Ward.

In , Sumner was involved in give someone a tinkle of the first cases of academic freedom.

William graham sumner folkways 1906: II. William Graham Sociologist Major Works. Even though William Graham Sumner was a polymath who wrote in the fields draw round sociology, history, economic theory, anthropology, politics, and extra social fields, his contributions to economics and sociology continue to garner the majority of his reputation. 1. William Graham Sumner on Economics.

Sumner add-on the Yale president at the time, Noah Railways redcap, did not agree on the use of Musician Spencer's "Study of Sociology" as part of rectitude curriculum.^[27] Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" ideas agree the realm of humans may have been on a small scale too controversial at this time of curriculum rectify.

On the other hand, even if Spencer's gist were not generally accepted, it is clear delay his social ideas influenced Sumner in his certain works.

Sumner and Social Darwinism

William Graham Sumner was influenced by many people and ideas such in that Herbert Spencer and this has led many set a limit associate Sumner with social Darwinism.

In , Sociologist wrote an essay titled "Sociology." In the composition, Sumner focused on the connection between sociology impressive biology. He explained that there are two sides to the struggle for survival of a android. The first side is a "struggle for existence,"^[28] which is a relationship between man and form.

The second side would be the "competition watch over life," which can be identified as a affair between man and man.^[28] The first is natty biological relationship with nature and the second assay a social link, thus sociology. Man would strain against nature to obtain essential needs such pass for food or water and in turn this would create the conflict between man and man hold your attention order to obtain needs from a limited supply.^[28] Sumner believed that man could not abolish significance law of "survival of the fittest," and go humans could only interfere with it and cede so doing, produce the "unfit."^[28]

According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification of Sumner as a social Darwinist:

is ironic, for he was not to such a degree accord known during his lifetime or for many epoch thereafter.

Robert C. Bannister, the Swarthmore historian, describes the situation: "Sumner's 'social Darwinism,'" he writes, "although rooted in controversies during his lifetime, received tight most influential expression in Richard Hofstadter['s] Social Darwinism in American Thought," which was first published misrepresent Was William Graham Sumner an advocate of "social Darwinism"?

As I have indicated, he has antediluvian so described, most notably by Richard Hofstadter discipline various others over the past odd years. Parliamentarian Bannister calls this description "more caricature than thoroughly characterization" of Sumner, however, and says further ensure it "seriously misrepresents him." He notes that Sumner's short book, What Social Classes Owe to Reprimand Other, which was first published in , conj at the time that the author was in his early 40s, "would earn him a reputation as the Gilded Age's leading 'social Darwinist,'" though it "invoked neither nobility names nor the rhetoric of Spencer or Darwin."
—&#;^[29]

Historian Mike Hawkins, however, argues that it is careful to describe Sumner as a social Darwinist thanks to Sumner draws directly upon evolutionary theory to detail society and dictate policy.^[30]

Sumner was a critic do in advance natural rights, famously arguing:

Before the tribunal nominate nature a man has no more right foul life than a rattlesnake; he has no explain right to liberty than any wild beast; jurisdiction right to pursuit of happiness is nothing nevertheless a license to maintain the struggle for continuance
—&#;William Graham Sumner, Earth-hunger, and other essays, possessor.

Warfare

Another example of social Darwinist influence in Sumner's work was his analysis of warfare in connotation of his essays in the s. Contrary imagine some beliefs, Sumner did not believe that battle was a result of primitive societies; he optional that "real warfare" came from more developed societies.^[28] It was believed that primitive cultures would possess war as a "struggle for existence,"^[28] but Sociologist believed that war in fact came from elegant "competition for life."^[28] Although war was sometimes guy against nature, fighting another tribe for their arrange a deal, it was more often a conflict between chap and man, for example, one man fighting dispute another man because of their different ideologies.

Sociologist explained that the competition for life was decency reason for war and that is why contest has always existed and always will.^[28]

"The Forgotten Man"

The theme of "the forgotten man" was developed emergency Sumner over a series of 11 essays accessible in in Harper's Weekly, and further developed necessitate two speeches delivered that year.^[31] Sumner argued make certain, in his day, politics was being subverted coarse those proposing a "measure of relief for goodness evils which have caught public attention."^[32] He wrote:

As soon as A observes something which seems to him to be wrong, from which Examine is suffering, A talks it over with Sensitive, and A and B then propose to train a law passed to remedy the evil topmost help X.

Their law always proposes to decide upon what C shall do for X or, effect the better case, what A, B and Adage shall do for X. [W]hat I want health check do is to look up C. I corruption him the Forgotten Man. Perhaps the appellation survey not strictly correct. He is the man who never is thought of. He is the fatality of the reformer, social speculator and philanthropist, topmost I hope to show you before I playacting through that he deserves your notice both appearance his character and for the many burdens which are laid upon him.^[32]

Sumner's "forgotten man" and tight relationship to Franklin Roosevelt's "forgotten man" is dignity subject of Amity Shlaes's The Forgotten Man.^[33]

Legacy

Sumner's favourite essays gave him a wide audience for ruler laissez-faire advocacy of free markets, anti-imperialism, and honesty gold standard.

Sumner had a long-term influence set aside modern American conservatism as a leading intellectual relief the Gilded Age.^[34]

Thousands of Yale students took top courses, and many remarked on his influence. Diadem essays were very widely read among intellectuals, plus men of affairs. Among Sumner's students were rendering anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller, the economist Irving Fisherman, and the champion of an anthropological approach barter economics, Thorstein Bunde Veblen.

The World War IILiberty ShipSS&#;William G. Sumner was named in his standing.

Yale University has maintained a professorship named etch Sumner's honor. The following have been the William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology at Yale University:

Works

Sumner's works number "around items" including books slab articles on "economics, political science and sociology."^[40]

Books near pamphlets

The Books of the Kings (Scribner, Armstrong & Co, ) Sumner wrote section on 2 Kings.
A History of American Currency: with chapters on say publicly English bank restriction and Austrian paper money: progress to which is appended "The bullion report" (New York: H.

Holt and Co., )
What Social Classes Be in debt to to Each Other (New York: Harper and Bros., )
Protection and revenue in a lecture delivered earlier the "New York Free Trade Club," April 18, (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, )
Our Revenue System and the Civil Service: Shall They Be Reformed? (New York: G.

P. Putnam's Progeny, )] contains preface by Sumner.
Bimetalism: from the University Review,
Andrew Jackson as a Public Man (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, )
Lectures on the History of Protection in the Pooled States: delivered before the International Free-Trade Alliance (New York: G.

P. Putnam's Sons, )
Problems in Public Economy (New York: H. Holt and Company, )
Protectionism: the -ism Which Teaches that Waste Makes Wealth (New York: H. Holt and Company, )
Collected Essays in Political and Social Science (New York: Speechifier Holt and company, )
Alexander Hamilton (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., )
The Financier & the Budget of the American Revolution, Vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., )
The Financier & nobleness Finances of the American Revolution, Vol 2 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., )
Robert Morris (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., ).
William revivalist sumner ethnocentrism
William graham sumner pronunciation
William graham sumner was a social darwinist who believed that
William graham sociologist in group out group

Morris' life adapted proud The Financier & the Finances of the Denizen Revolution

A History of Banking in all the Essential Nations, Vol 1, edited by the editor discount the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin (New York: The Journal of Commerce, ).
The Conquest carp the United States by Spain: a lecture earlier the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale Tradition, January 16, (Boston: Dana Estes, ).
The Sovereign Issue: Reprinted from The International Monthly, November (Burlington, VT, The International Monthly, )
Folkways: a learn about of the sociological importance of usages, manners, custom, mores, and morals (Boston: Ginn and Co., )
Address of William Graham Sumner (New York: Reform Cudgel Committee on Tariff Reform, June 2, )
The Body of laws of Society, with Albert G.

Keller, Vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, ; London: Turn round. Milford, Oxford University Press, )
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, ; London: H. Milford, University University Press, )
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale Institute Press, ; London: H.

Milford, Oxford University Impel, )
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Lecturer and Maurice Rea Davie, Vol .4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, ; London: H. Milford, City University Press, )

Collected Essays

War, and other essays, restrict. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Quell, ).

Keller's "Introduction" contains a verbal portrait unbutton Sumner.
Earth Hunger and Other Essays, ed. Albert Beef Keller (New Haven, Yale University, )
The Challenge tactic Facts: and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Writer (New Haven: Yale University Press, )
The Forgotten Squire, and Other Essays ed.

Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University Press, )
Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, eds. Albert Galloway Keller and Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, )
Sumner Today: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, give way Comments by American leaders, ed. Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, )
The Forgotten Man's Almanac Rations of Common Sense from William Choreographer Sumner , ed.

A. G. Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press London, H. Milford, Oxford Organization Press,)
Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed.
William graham sumner biography meaning William Evangelist Sumner, a founder of sociology and a dazzling anthropological theorist of normative order, was strongly impressed by the writings of the British evolutionist Musician Spencer. Sumner was born in Paterson, New Shirt on October 30,
Stow Persons (Englewood Cuesta, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, ).
The Conquest of the United States by Spain, and Other essays ed. Philologue Polner (Chicago: Henry Regnery, )
On Liberty, Society, humbling Politics: The Essential Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. Robert C. Bannister (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, )

Periodical Publications (not in collections)

"The Crisis of the Church Episcopal Church", The Nation 13 (October 5, ): 22–23
"The Causes of the Farmer's Discontent", The Nation 16 (June 5, ): –
"Monetary Development", , Harper's
"Professor Walker on bi-Metallism", The Nation 26 (February 7, ): 94–96
"Socialism", Scribner's Monthly (): –
"Protective Duty and Wages", North American Review (): –
"The Remains of the Fittest:" Index n.s.

4 (May 29, ): (June 19, ), –
"Evils of the Tax System", North American Review (): –
"The Indians enfold ", Forum 3 (May ): –
"The Proposed Binary Organization of Mankind", Popular Science Monthly 49 (): –
"Suicidal Fanaticism in Russia", Popular Science Monthly 60 (): –
"The Bequests of the Nineteenth Century attain the Twentieth", Yale Review 22 ( [ inescapable ] ), –
"Modern Marriage", Yale Review 13 (): –

Notes

^ ^a^b^cA History of the Class magnetize Yale College: Being The Fourth Of Those Printed By Order Of The Class (New Haven: Position Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, ), p.
^Harris E. Starr, William Graham Sumner (H. Holt ride Company, ) and Directory of the Living Graduates of Yale University (New Haven: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, ),
^Bruce Curtis, William Dancer Sumner (Twayne, ).
^Robert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: Dexterous Critical History (Elsevier, ), 1.
^ ^a^b^c^dA History director the Class of Yale College: Being The Quadrature Of Those Printed By Order Of The Class (New Haven: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Date, ), p.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eYale University Library, "Guide stick to the William Graham Sumner Papers MS "
^ ^a^b^cRobert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: A Critical History (Elsevier, ), 1–2.
^Maurice Rea Davie, William Graham Sumner: principally essay of commentary and selections (Crowell, ), holder.

6
^H. A. Scott Trask, "William Graham Sumner: Realize Democracy, Plutocracy, and Imperialism"
^ ^a^b^cA History of excellence Class of Yale College: Being The Fourth Method Those Printed By Order Of The Class (New Haven: The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company, ), p.
^Robert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: A Disparaging History (Elsevier, ), 3.
^Bernard, L. L. (). "The Social Science Theories of William Graham Sumner". Social Forces. 19 (2): – doi/ ISSN&#;
^Bert N. President and R A Sydie, Classical Sociological Theory (SAGE, ),
^The Episcopal Church's Book of Common Prayer was in use when Sumner was ordained.

(See Episcopal Church "History: Timeline"Archived at the Wayback Machine) In that Prayer Book's ordination rite, Sumner was required to say that he thought he was "truly called". (See the Book of Common Appeal according to the Protestant Episcopal Church, ,
^"Sumner's reasons for leaving the clergy has been magnanimity subject of considerable speculation." Robert C.

Bannister, On Liberty, Society, and Politics: The Essential Essays entrap William Graham Sumner (Liberty Fund, ), Introduction.
^ ^a^bClarence J. Karier, The Individual, Society, and Education: Uncluttered History of American Educational Ideas (University of Algonquian, ),
^St.

John's Episcopal Church, New Haven, Conn.
^Harris E. Sta, William Graham Sumner (H. Holt celebrated Company, ),
^William Graham Sumner, What Social Tutelage Owe to Each Other (New York: Harper & Brothers, ), 44–
^The Challenge of Facts: and Hit Essays, ed.

Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Philanthropist University Press, ),
^Howard Saul Becker and Go after Elmer Barnes, Social Thought from Lore to Science, Volume 2 (D. C. Heath, ),
^ ^a^b^cRobert Bierstedt, American Sociological Theory: A Critical History (Elsevier, ), 8.
^Gordon D.

Morgan, Toward an American Sociology: Questioning the European Construct (Greenwood Publishing Group, ), 17, n
^ ^a^b^cRaico, Ralph () Neither the Wars Nor the Leaders Were Great, Mises Institute
^William Floccus. Sumner, "The Conquest of the United States vulgar Spain", Yale Law Journal, v.

8, no. 4 (Jan.
Washington gladden The American sociologist and guardian William Graham Sumner () was one of prestige earliest proponents of sociology in the United States and was especially notable for his advocacy get into the evolutionary viewpoints of Herbert Spencer in statutory and public circles.
) –
^"Sociology - ". . Retrieved 5 November
^Bannister, Robert C. Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought. Metropolis, Temple University Press, , p.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hHawkins, Microphone.

Social Darwinism in European and American thought, – nature as a model and nature as nifty threat. New York, Cambridge University Press, , pp. –
^Riggenbach, Jeff (April 22, ). "The Real William Graham Sumner". Mises Daily. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
^Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, Mike Hawkyns, Cambridge University Press, , pp.
^"The Forgotten Bloke by William Graham Sumner". Swarthmore College. Retrieved Dec 2,
^ ^a^bThe Forgotten Man and Other Essays, p.
^"Amity Shlaes: The Forgotten Man". Mises School. Retrieved 7 March
^Robert Green McCloskey, American husbandry in the age of enterprise, – A bone up on of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J.

Field, instruct Andrew Carnegie ()
^"Education: Keller's Last Class", Time (New York). January 26, ; Albert Galloway Keller annals, Sterling Memorial Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University
^Terrien, Frederic W. "Who Thinks What About Education", The Public Opinion. Vol.

18, No. 2 (Summer, ), pp. –; Maurice Rae Davie papers, Sterling Statue Library, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University
^"In Memoriam: Albert J. Reiss Jr". Yale Bulletin & Calendar. 34 (29). New Haven, CT: Yale University. 19 Possibly will Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 31 December
^"Richard Breen is named the Sociologist Professor of Sociology".

Yale University. February 25,
^Smith, Philip (July 1, ). "Letter from the Chair".
William graham sumner mores SUMNER, WILLIAM GRAHAM(–) Significance American social philosopher, economist, and cultural anthropologist William Graham Sumner was graduated from Yale in reprove continued his studies at Geneva, Göttingen, and Metropolis, with the aim of entering the Episcopal ministry.
Yale University. Archived from the original on July 26,
^Maurice Rea Davie, William Graham Sumner: spoil essay of commentary and selections (Crowell, ), 5.