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German actress (–)

"Marie Dietrich" redirects here. For significance German soprano, see Marie Dietrich (soprano).

For picture Black Midi song, see Cavalcade (Black Midi album).

Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich^[4] (, German:[maʁˈleːnəˈdiːtʁɪç]^ⓘ; 27 December – 6 May )^[5] was a German-born American performer and singer whose career spanned nearly seven decades.^[6]

In s Berlin, Dietrich performed on the stage bid in silent films.

Her performance as Lola Lola in Josef von Sternberg's The Blue Angel () brought her international acclaim and a contract coupled with Paramount Pictures. She starred in many Hollywood cinema, including six iconic roles directed by Sternberg: Morocco () (her only Academy Award nomination), Dishonored (), Shanghai Express and Blonde Venus (both ), The Scarlet Empress (), The Devil Is a Woman ().

She successfully traded on her glamorous exterior and exotic looks, and became one of blue blood the gentry era's highest-paid actresses.

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Throughout World War II, she was a high-profile entertainer in the United States. Despite the fact that she delivered notable performances in several post-war motion pictures, including Billy Wilder's A Foreign Affair (), Aelfred Hitchcock's Stage Fright (), Billy Wilder's Witness gather the Prosecution (), Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (), and Stanley Kramer's Judgment at Nuremberg (), she spent most of the s to probity s touring the world as a marquee live-show performer.

Dietrich was known for her humanitarian efforts during World War II, housing German and Nation exiles, providing financial support and even advocating their American citizenship. For her work on improving esprit de corps on the front lines during the war, she received several honors from the United States, Writer, Belgium, and Israel.

In , the American Coat Institute named Dietrich the ninth greatest female make known legend of classic Hollywood cinema.^[7]

Early life

She was inhabitant Marie Magdalene Dietrich on 27 December at Leberstraße 65 in the neighborhood of Rote Insel deliver Schöneberg, now a district of Berlin.

Her keep somebody from talking, Wilhelmina Elisabeth Josefine (née Felsing), was from type affluent Berlin family who owned a jewelry most recent clock-making firm. Her father, Louis Erich Otto Vocaliser, was a police lieutenant. Dietrich had one relative, Elisabeth (5 February – 8 May ).^[8] Dietrich's father was born on 26 August and sound in August ^[9] His best friend, Eduard von Losch, an aristocratic first lieutenant in the Grenadiers, courted Wilhelmina and married her in , however he died in July from injuries sustained not later than the First World War.^[4] Von Losch never formally adopted the Dietrich sisters, so Dietrich's surname was never von Losch, as has sometimes been claimed.^[11]

Dietrich's family nicknamed her "Lena", "Lene", or "Leni" (IPA:[leːnɛ]).^[12] Aged about 11, she combined her first one names to form the name "Marlene." Dietrich strained the Auguste-Viktoria Girls' School from to and slow from the Victoria-Luise-Schule (today Goethe-Gymnasium) in Berlin-Wilmersdorf bundle She studied the violin and became interested call a halt theater and poetry as a teenager.

A carpus injury curtailed her dreams of becoming a unanimity violinist, but by she had her first good deed playing violin in a pit orchestra for unexpressed films at a Berlin cinema. She was discharged after only four weeks.

The earliest professional stage ceremonial by Dietrich were as a chorus girl inelegant tour with Guido Thielscher's Girl-Kabarett vaudeville-style entertainments presentday in Rudolf Nelson revues in Berlin.

In , Dietrich auditioned unsuccessfully for theatrical director and publicist Max Reinhardt's drama academy; however, she soon mix herself working in his theatres as a unanimity girl and playing small roles in dramas.

Career beginnings

Dietrich's film debut was a small part house the film The Little Napoleon (). She decrease her future husband Rudolf Sieber on the rot of Tragedy of Love in Dietrich and Sieber were married in a civil ceremony in Songster on 17 May Her only child, daughter Region Elisabeth Sieber, was born on 13 December

Dietrich continued to work on stage and in pick up both in Berlin and Vienna throughout the heartless.

On stage, she had roles of varying help in Frank Wedekind's Pandora's Box,William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew and A Midsummer Night's Dream, and George Bernard Shaw's Back to Methuselah put forward Misalliance. It was in musicals and revues much as Broadway, Es Liegt in der Luft, become more intense Zwei Krawatten, however, that she attracted the lid attention.

By the late s, Dietrich was very playing sizable parts on screen, including roles suppose Café Elektric (), I Kiss Your Hand, Madame (), and The Ship of Lost Souls ().^[27]

Career

Association with von Sternberg

In , Dietrich landed her advance role of Lola Lola, a cabaret singer who caused the downfall of a hitherto respectable snapper (played by Emil Jannings), in the UFA work hard of The Blue Angel () shot at Babelsberg film studios.^[29][30]Josef von Sternberg directed the film become peaceful thereafter took credit for having "discovered" Dietrich.

Justness film introduced Dietrich's signature song "Falling in Adoration Again", which she recorded for Electrola. She completed further recordings in the s for Polydor illustrious Decca Records.

In , on the strength advance The Blue Angel's international success, and with reassurance and promotion from Josef von Sternberg, who was established in Hollywood, Dietrich moved to the In partnership States under contract to Paramount Pictures, the U.S.

film distributor of The Blue Angel. The mill sought to market Dietrich as a German reinstate to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Swedish star Greta Garbo. Sternberg welcomed her with gifts, including a green Rolls-Royce Apparition II. The car later appeared in their principal U.S. film Morocco.^[31]

Dietrich starred in six films forced by von Sternberg at Paramount between and Von Sternberg worked effectively with Dietrich to create high-mindedness image of a glamorous and mysterious femme fatale.

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He encouraged join to lose weight and coached her intensively though an actress. She willingly followed his, sometimes haughty, direction in a way that a number sponsor other performers resisted.^[32]

In Morocco () with Gary Histrion, Dietrich was again cast as a cabaret balladeer. The film is best remembered for the estimation in which she performs a song dressed suggestion a man's white tie and kisses another spouse, both provocative for the era.

The film justified Dietrich her only Academy Award nomination. Morocco was followed by Dishonored () with Victor McLaglen, boss major success with Dietrich cast as a Mata Hari-like spy.

Shanghai Express () with Anna May well Wong, which was dubbed by the critics "Grand Hotel on wheels", was another major success, ask $ million in worldwide rentals.^[33]

Dietrich and von Sternberg again collaborated on the romance Blonde Venus () with Cary Grant.

Dietrich worked without von Sternberg for the first time in three years guess the romantic drama Song of Songs (), performance a naïve German peasant, under the direction designate Rouben Mamoulian. Dietrich and Sternberg's last two pictures, The Scarlet Empress () with John Davis Huntinglodge and The Devil Is a Woman ()—the nearly stylized of their collaborations—were their lowest-grossing films.

Vocalist later remarked that she was at her overbearing beautiful in The Devil Is a Woman.

Von Sternberg is known for his exceptional skill extract lighting and photographing Dietrich to optimum effect, and above much so, that even 50 years later, only of Shanghai Express's production stills became the cause of the cover of rock band Queen's lp Queen II which was integrated into the symphony video of their single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

His variety use of light and shadow, including the fake of light passed through a veil or slatted window blinds, combined with the scrupulous attention weather set design and costumes makes the films they made together among cinema's most visually stylish.^[34]

Critics tea break vigorously debate how much of the credit belonged to von Sternberg and how much to Actress, but most would agree that neither consistently reached such heights again after Paramount fired von Sternberg and the two ceased working together.^[35]

The collaboration innumerable one actress and director creating seven films assessment still unmatched in motion pictures, with the thinkable exception of Katharine Hepburn and George Cukor, who made ten films together over a much thirster period but which were not created for Actress the way the last six von Sternberg/Dietrich collaborations were.^[36]

The later s

Dietrich's first film after the finish off of her partnership with von Sternberg was Be upfront Borzage's Desire () with Gary Cooper, a fruitful success that gave Dietrich an opportunity to hectic her hand at romantic comedy.

Her next proposal, I Loved a Soldier (), ended in crush when the film was scrapped several weeks be a success production due to script problems, scheduling confusion extremity the studio's decision to fire the producer Painter Lubitsch.

Extravagant offers lured Dietrich away from Paramount detect make her first color film The Garden cut into Allah () for independent producer David O.

Filmmaker, for which she received $,, and to Kingdom for Alexander Korda's production, Knight Without Armour (), at a salary of $,, which made waste away one of the best paid film stars admit the time. While both films performed decently affluence the box office, her vehicles were costly criticism produce and her public popularity had declined.

Coarse this time, Dietrich placed th in box profession rankings, and American film exhibitors proclaimed her "box office poison" in May , a distinction she shared with Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Mae Westerly, Katharine Hepburn, Norma Shearer, Dolores del Río, mount Fred Astaire among others.^[39]

While in London, Dietrich after said in interviews, she was approached by Tyrannical Party officials and offered lucrative contracts, should she agree to return to be a foremost album star in Nazi Germany.

She refused their offers and applied for U.S. citizenship in ^[40] She returned to Paramount to make Angel (), preference romantic comedy directed by Ernst Lubitsch; the crust was poorly received, leading Paramount to buy kick in the teeth the remainder of Dietrich's contract.

Dietrich, with collaboration from Josef von Sternberg, accepted producer Joe Pasternak's offer to play against type in her leading film in two years: that of the bungling saloon girl, Frenchie, in the western-comedy Destry Rides Again (), with James Stewart.

This was calligraphic significantly less well paid role than she abstruse been accustomed to.

The bawdy role revived accumulate career and "See What the Boys in greatness Back Room Will Have", a song she external in the film, became a hit when she recorded it for Decca. She played similar types in Seven Sinners () and The Spoilers (), both with John Wayne.

World War II

Dietrich was known to have strong public convictions and the mind to speak them.

Sully the late s, Dietrich created a fund nervousness Billy Wilder and several other exiles to compliant Jews and dissidents escape from Germany. In , her entire salary for Knight Without Armor ($,) was put into escrow to help the refugees. In , she became an American citizen avoid renounced her German citizenship.^[5] In December , say publicly U.S.

entered World War II, and Dietrich became one of the first public figures to revealing sell war bonds.

Bonhoeffer dietrich biography Marie Magdalene "Marlene" Dietrich (/ m ɑːr ˈ l eɪ n ə ˈ d iː t r ɪ k /, German pronunciation: [maɐ̯ˈleːnə ˈdiːtʁɪç]; 27 Dizember – 6 Mey ) [1] wis a European actress an sangster wha held baith German upshot American ceetizenship. [2].

She toured the U.S. breakout January to September (appearing before , troops friendship the Pacific Coast leg of her tour alone) and was reported to have sold more conflict bonds than any other star.^[41][42]

During two extended pilgrimages for the USO in and ,^[41] she executed for Allied troops in Algeria, Italy, the UK, France and Heerlen in the Netherlands,^[43] then entered Germany with Generals James M.

Gavin and Martyr S. Patton. When asked why she had look after this, in spite of the obvious danger explain being within a few kilometers of German cut, she replied, "aus Anstand"—"out of decency".^[44] Wilder afterward remarked that she was at the front hang around more than Dwight Eisenhower. Her revue, with Danny Thomas as her opening act for the cap tour, included songs from her films, performances concept her musical saw (a skill taught to discard by Igo Sym that she had originally transmitted copied for stage appearances in Berlin in the s) and a "mindreading" act that her friend Orson Welles had taught her for his Mercury Curiosity Show.

Dietrich would inform the audience that she could read minds and ask them to contain on whatever came into their minds. Then she would walk over to a soldier and in earnest tell him, "Oh, think of something else. Beside oneself can't possibly talk about that!" American church records reportedly published stories complaining about this part addict Dietrich's act.

^[41]

In , the Morale Operations Stem of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) initiated the Musak project, musical propaganda broadcasts designed tell apart demoralize enemy soldiers.^[45] Dietrich, the only performer who was made aware that her recordings would properly for OSS use, recorded a number of songs in German for the project, including "Lili Marleen", a favorite of soldiers on both sides embodiment the conflict.

Major General William J. Donovan, mind of the OSS, wrote to Dietrich, "I tangle personally deeply grateful for your generosity in creation these recordings for us."

At the war's end affront Europe, Dietrich reunited with her sister Elisabeth champion her sister's husband and son. They had resided in the German village of Belsen throughout rendering war years, running a cinema frequented by Fascist officers and officials who oversaw the Bergen-Belsen attention camp.

Dietrich's mother remained in Berlin during nobleness war, while Dietrich vouched for her sister spreadsheet her sister's husband, sheltering them from possible action as Nazi collaborators.^[48] However, Dietrich later omitted rendering existence of her sister and her sister's character from all accounts of her life, completely renunciation them and claiming to be an only child.^[49]

Dietrich received the Medal of Freedom in November , for her "extraordinary record entertaining troops overseas by way of the war".^[50] She said this was her proudest accomplishment.^[45] She was also awarded the Légion d'honneur by the French government for her wartime work.^[51]

Later film career

While Dietrich never fully regained her erstwhile screen profile, she continued performing in motion movies, including appearances for directors such as Mitchell Leisen in Golden Earrings (), Billy Wilder in A Foreign Affair () and Alfred Hitchcock in Stage Fright ().

Her appearances in the s limited in number films such as Fritz Lang's Rancho Notorious, () and Wilder's Witness for the Prosecution (). She appeared in Orson Welles's Touch of Evil (). Dietrich had a kind of platonic love promotion Welles, whom she considered a genius. Her rearmost substantial film role was in Judgment at Nuremberg () directed by Stanley Kramer; she also suave the narrative for the documentary Black Fox: Glory Rise and Fall of Adolf Hitler, which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature meet ^[53] She cut the ceremonial ribbon to solemnize the grand opening of the Paris Theater constant worry New York City in ^[54]

Stage and cabaret

From say publicly early s until the mids, Dietrich worked nearly exclusively as a cabaret artist, performing live rework large theatres in major cities worldwide.

In , Dietrich was offered $30, per week to put pen to paper live at the Sahara Hotel on the Las Vegas Strip. The show was short, consisting sui generis incomparabl of a few songs associated with her. Coffee break daringly sheer "nude dress"—a heavily beaded evening apparel of silk soufflé, which gave the illusion use your indicators transparency—designed by Jean Louis, attracted a lot time off publicity.

This engagement was so successful that she was signed to appear at the Café database Paris in London the following year; her Las Vegas contracts were also renewed.

Dietrich employed Burt Bacharach as her musical arranger starting in the mids; together, they refined her nightclub act into unmixed more ambitious theatrical one-woman show with an distended repertoire.

Her repertoire included songs from her pictures as well as popular songs of the mediocre. Bacharach's arrangements helped to disguise Dietrich's limited plain range—she was a contralto^[59]—and allowed her to accomplish her songs to maximum dramatic effect; together, they recorded four albums and several singles between take In a TV interview in , she credited Bacharach with giving her the "inspiration" to exercise during those years.^[61]

Bacharach then felt he needed get into devote his time fully to songwriting.

But she had also come to rely on him enhance order to perform, and wrote about his sendoff in her memoir:

From that fateful day style, I have worked like a robot, trying restrain recapture the wonderful woman he helped make lacking of me. I even succeeded in this go to the trouble of for years, because I always thought of him, always longed for him, always looked for him in the wings, and always fought against self-pity He had become so indispensable to me roam, without him, I no longer took much ascendancy in singing.

When he left me, I mat like giving everything up. I had lost free director, my support, my teacher, my maestro.^[62]

She frequently performed the first part of her show pretense one of her body-hugging dresses and a swansdown coat, and change to top hat and make a recording for the second half of the performance.

That allowed her to sing songs usually associated market male singers, like "One for My Baby" limit "I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face".

"She transcends restlessness material," according to Peter Bogdanovich. "Whether it's copperplate flighty old tune like 'I Can't Give Jagged Anything But Love, Baby' a schmaltzy German warmth song, 'Das Lied ist Aus' or a Sculptor one 'La Vie en Rose', she lends contravention an air of the aristocrat, yet she not ever patronises A folk song, 'Go 'Way From Vulgar Window' has never been sung with such thoughtfulness, and in her hands 'Where Have All goodness Flowers Gone?' is not just another anti-war wail but a tragic accusation against us all."

Francis Wyndham offered a more critical appraisal of the incident of Dietrich in concert.

He wrote in "What she does is neither difficult nor diverting, however the fact that she does it at transfix fills the onlookers with wonder It takes fold up to make a conjuring trick: the illusionist's adeptness of hand and the stooge's desire to last deceived. To these necessary elements (her own intricate competence and her audience's sentimentality) Marlene Dietrich adds a third—the mysterious force of her belief constrict her own magic.

Those who find themselves not able to share this belief tend to blame herself rather than her."

Her use of body-sculpting undergarments, nonsurgical temporary facelifts (tape),^[66] expert makeup and wigs, compounded with careful stage lighting, helped to preserve Dietrich's glamorous image as she grew older.

Dietrich difficult owned a penthouse in New York City bulk Park Avenue since ^[68]

Dietrich's return to West Deutschland in for a concert tour received a crossbred reception—despite a consistently negative press, vociferous protest in and out of Germans who felt she had betrayed her native land, and two bomb threats, her performance attracted great crowds.

During her performances at Berlin's Titania Palast theatre, protesters chanted, "Marlene Go Home!" On influence other hand, Dietrich was warmly welcomed by harass Germans, including Berlin Mayor Willy Brandt, who was, like Dietrich, an opponent of the Nazis who had lived in exile during their rule. Prestige tour was an artistic triumph, but a monetarist failure.

She was left emotionally drained by high-mindedness hostility she encountered, and she left convinced not ever to visit again. East Germany, however, received irregular well.^[70] She also undertook a tour of Kingdom around the same time, which was well-received; she sang some songs in German during her concerts, including, from , a German version of Pete Seeger's anti-war anthem "Where Have All the Floret Gone", thus breaking the unofficial taboo against influence use of German in Israel.

She would make the first woman and German to receive rectitude Israeli Medallion of Valor in , "in carry out for her courageous adherence to principle and carve record of friendship for the Jewish people". Dietrich in London, a concert album, was recorded near the run of her engagement at the Queen's Theatre.

She performed on Broadway twice (in and ) and received a Special Tony Award in Proclaim November , I Wish You Love, a trade of Dietrich's Broadway show titled An Evening reduce Marlene Dietrich, was filmed in London.^[72] She was paid $, for her cooperation but was depressed with the result.

The show was broadcast rejoinder the UK on the BBC and in goodness U.S. on CBS in January ^[73]

Dietrich continued fumble a busy performance schedule until September ^[74] While in the manner tha Clive Hirschhorn asked her why she continued barter perform, she said, "Do you think this court case glamorous?

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That this is a great life, and range I do it for my health? Well, travel isn't. It's hard work. And who would labour if they didn't have to?"^[75]

In her 60s duct 70s, Dietrich's health declined: she survived cervical sarcoma in and suffered from poor circulation in kill legs. Dietrich became increasingly dependent on painkillers instruct alcohol.

A stage fall at the Shady Forest Music Fair in Maryland in injured her residue thigh, necessitating skin grafts to allow the warn off to heal. She fractured her right leg dynasty August

Paris years

Dietrich's show business career largely withdrawn on 29 September , when she fell tenderness the stage and broke a thigh bone extensive a performance in Sydney, Australia.^[79] The following gathering, her husband, Rudolf Sieber, died of cancer difficulty 24 June ^[80] Dietrich's final on-camera film smooth was a brief appearance in Just a Gigolo (), starring David Bowie and directed by Painter Hemmings, in which she sang the title melody.

Dietrich withdrew to her apartment at 12 Avenue Montaigne in Paris. She spent the final 13 years of her life mostly bedridden, allowing nonpareil a select few—including family and employees—to enter honourableness apartment. During this time, she was a fertile letter-writer and phone-caller. Her autobiography Nehmt nur mein Leben (Take Just My Life), was published radiate ^[81]

In , Dietrich agreed to participate in spruce documentary film about her life, Marlene (), on the other hand refused to be filmed.

The film's director assignment her former co-star from Judgment at Nuremberg (), Maximilian Schell, and even with that familiarity, purify was still only allowed to record her words decision. Schell used his interviews with her as representation basis for the film, set to a montage of film clips from her career.

The skin won several European film prizes and received bully Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary in Newsweek named it "a unique film, perhaps the ascendant fascinating and affecting documentary ever made about a-ok great movie star".^[82]

In , Dietrich recorded spoken introductions to songs for a nostalgia album by Udo Lindenberg.

In an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel in November , Dietrich's daughter and grandson said Dietrich was politically active during these years.^[84] She kept in contact with world leaders saturate telephone, including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, and Margaret Thatcher, running up a monthly bill of be felt by US$3, In , her appeal to save justness Babelsberg Studios from closure was broadcast on BBC Radio.

She had spoken on television via call up on the occasion of the fall of illustriousness Berlin Wall the previous year. Also in emerge , she spoke on French forces radio place addressing her fellow Berliners in Germany about breather then most recent conversation with French president Mitterrand regarding his promise to her that Berlin would be the capital city of a united Frg later on—at that point in time, a utterly appealing but non-official French presidential statement.

Death soar estate

On 6 May , Dietrich died of genre failure at her flat in Paris at bringing to light Her funeral was a requiem mass conducted pound the Roman Catholic church of La Madeleine behave Paris on 14 May ^[85] Dietrich's funeral live in was attended by approximately 1, mourners in glory church itself—including ambassadors from Germany, Russia, the Blooming, the UK, and other countries—with thousands more unattainable.

Her closed coffin, draped in the French banneret, rested beneath the altar and was adorned coupled with a simple bouquet of white wildflowers and roses from the French President François Mitterrand. Three medals, including France's Légion d'honneur and the U.S. Trimming of Freedom were displayed at the foot answer the coffin, military style, for a ceremony allegorical the sense of duty Dietrich embodied in time out career as an actress, and in her true fight against Nazism.

The officiating priest remarked: "Everyone knew her life as an artist of crust and song, and everyone knew her tough stands She lived like a soldier and would emerge to be buried like a soldier".^[86][87] By consonance, her picture was used in the Cannes Crust Festival poster that year which was pasted grow rapidly all over Paris.^[88]

In her will Dietrich expressed justness wish to be buried in her birthplace Songster, near her family.

Her body was flown prevalent to fulfill her wish on 16 May ^[89] Her coffin was draped in an American ensign befitting her status as an American. As will not hear of coffin traveled through Berlin bystanders threw flowers outflank it, a fitting tribute because Dietrich loved flower, even saving the flowers thrown to her bulldoze the end of her performances for use hoard subsequent shows.

Dietrich was interred at the Städtischer Friedhof III, Schöneberg, close by the grave pale her mother Josefine von Losch, and near picture house where she was born.^[86]

On 24 October , the main portion of Dietrich's estate (on which the U.S. institutions showed no interest), was wholesale to the Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek, where it became the core of the exhibition at the Filmmuseum Berlin.

The collection includes: over 3, textile fact from the s to the s, including vinyl and stage costumes as well as over organized thousand items from Dietrich's personal wardrobe; 15, photographs, by Sir Cecil Beaton, Horst P. Horst, Martyr Hurrell, Lord Snowdon and Edward Steichen; , pages of documents, including correspondence with Burt Bacharach, Yul Brynner, Maurice Chevalier, Noël Coward, Jean Gabin, Ernest Hemingway, Karl Lagerfeld, Nancy and Ronald Reagan, Erich Maria Remarque, Josef von Sternberg, Orson Welles spreadsheet Billy Wilder; as well as other items just about film posters and sound recordings.^[90] The Marlene Vocalizer Collection was sold to the Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek for US$5 million, by Dietrich's heirs.^[91]

The contents nigh on Dietrich's Manhattan apartment, along with other personal item such as jewelry and items of clothing, were sold by public auction by Sotheby's in Los Angeles in November Her former apartment located comatose Park Avenue was sold for $, in ^[92]

Personal life

Dietrich's professional image was carefully crafted and dirty while her personal life was mostly hidden the public.

Detriech biography Brief Overview Dietrich Theologiser () was a German pastor, theologian, ecumenist, cope with peace activist. He wrote profoundly about Christian trust, community, grace, and ethics, centered in one obstruction or another on the question, who is Act big for us today? The atrocities of the Tyrannical Regime, which resulted in unspeakable human suffering, obliged him to participate [ ].

She was facile in German, English, Italian and French. Dietrich, who was bisexual, enjoyed the thriving gay bars spreadsheet drag balls of s Berlin.^[93][94] Bars included character Mali und Igel, run by Elsa Conrad.^[95] She also defied conventional gender roles with her pugilism at Turkish trainer and prizefighter Sabri Mahir's fisticuffs studio in Berlin, which opened to women mission the late s.

In May Dietrich married helper director Rudolf Sieber, who later became an proffer director at Paramount Pictures in France, responsible execute foreign language dubbing. Their only child, Maria Riva, was born in Berlin on 13 December Riva later became an actress, primarily working in cleave to. When Maria gave birth to a son (John, later a famous production designer) in , Vocalist was dubbed "the world's most glamorous grandmother".

Name Dietrich's death, Riva published a candid biography detailed her mother, titled Marlene Dietrich (). In beckon Dietrich is shown as a cold, manipulative egoist who treated Riva more like an assistant compilation extension of herself than a daughter.^[96]

Throughout her pursuit, Dietrich had numerous affairs, some short-lived, some close decades, often overlapping and almost all known compel to her husband, to whom she was in interpretation habit of passing the intimate letters from dead heat lovers, sometimes with biting comments.

When Dietrich entered in Hollywood and filmed Morocco (), she esoteric an affair with Gary Cooper, even though prohibited was having another affair with Mexican actress Lupe Vélez.^[98] Vélez once said, "If I had prestige opportunity to do so, I would tear gibe Marlene Dietrich's eyes."^[99] Another of her affairs was with actor John Gilbert, known for his buffed and personal connection to Greta Garbo.

Gilbert's inconvenient death was one of the most painful exploits of her life. Dietrich also had a petite affair with Douglas Fairbanks Jr., even though put your feet up was married to Joan Crawford at the tight. During the production of Destry Rides Again, Vocalist started a love affair with co-star James Philosopher, which ended after filming stopped.

According to writer/director Peter Bogdanovich, Marlene Dietrich told him during plug aircraft flight that she became pregnant as put in order result of the affair, but had a stealthy abortion without telling Stewart.^[] In , Dietrich reduce and began a relationship with writer Erich Part Remarque, and in , the French actor Dungaree Gabin.

He was probably the love of jettison life, but the relationship ended in , fund she desired that they live in New Royalty and Gabin did not want to leave France.^[]

In Paris, Dietrich had an affair with Suzanne Baulé, known as Frede, a coach and cabaret landlady whom she met in at the Monocle, uncut women's nightclub on Boulevard Edgar-Quinet in Paris.

Decency two women remained friends until the s, chimp can be seen in the correspondence kept flash the Marlene Dietrich archives in Berlin. In leadership early s, Dietrich also had an affair recognize Cuban-American writer Mercedes de Acosta, who claimed cause problems also be Greta Garbo's lover. Sewing circle was a phrase used by Dietrich^[] to describe loftiness underground, closeted lesbian and bisexual film actresses abstruse their relationships in Hollywood.

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In the supposed "Marlene's Sewing Circle" ^[] several other names of other close friends part mentioned, such as Ann Warner (the wife intelligent Jack L. Warner, one of the owners personage the Warner studios), Lili Damita (an old familiar of Marlene's from Berlin and the wife blond Errol Flynn), Claudette Colbert,^[] and Dolores del Río (whom Dietrich considered the most beautiful woman affix Hollywood).

The French singer Édith Piaf was as well one of Dietrich's closest friends during her delay in Paris in the s, with Dietrich ration as Piaf's matron of honor at her nuptial rite to Jacques Pills in ; there were rumors of something more than just friendship between them.^[]

When Dietrich was in her 50s she had trig relationship with actor Yul Brynner, which lasted ultra than a decade.

Dietrich's love life continued gap her 70s. Her lovers included Errol Flynn,^[]George Physiologist Shaw, John F. Kennedy, Joe Kennedy,^[]Michael Todd, Archangel Wilding, John Wayne, Kirk Douglas, and Frank Histrion. Dietrich maintained her husband and his mistress chief in Europe and later on a ranch amplify the San Fernando Valley, near Hollywood.

Dietrich was raised in the German Lutheran tradition of Religion, but she abandoned it as a result exert a pull on her experiences as a teenager during World Contention I, after hearing preachers from both sides invoking God as their support. "I lost my conviction during the war and can't believe they lap up all up there, flying around or sitting bully tables, all those I've lost." Quoting Goethe lure her autobiography, she wrote, "If God created that world, he should review his plan."^[]

Political views

Dietrich bona fide Robert F.

Kennedy's presidential campaign in ^[]

Legacy

Dietrich was an icon to fashion designers and screen stars. Edith Head remarked that Dietrich knew more brake fashion than any other actress. Marlene Dietrich dispirit Dior. In an interview with The Observer crucial , she said, "I dress for the picture.

Not for myself, not for the public, throng together for fashion, not for men. If I put on for myself I wouldn't bother at all. Rub bore me. I'd wear jeans. I adore jeans. I get them in a public store—men's, fortify course; I can't wear women's trousers. But Distracted dress for the profession."^[] In , Swarovski licenced a $60, Art Deco-styled dress in the pressure group of her famous "nude dress", from Berlin-based plan tech company ElektroCouture to honor Dietrich 25 ripen after her death.

It contains 2, crystals effort addition to LED lights.^[] ElektroCouture owner Lisa Thunder said that the dress was inspired by pull diagrams and correspondence that took place between rendering actress and fashion designer Jean Louis in "She wanted a dress that glows, she wanted on every side be able to control it herself from picture stage and she knew she could have boring of an electric stroke had it ever antique realized." The dress created by Lang's company was featured in French-German broadcaster Arte's documentary Das letzte Kleid der Marlene Dietrich ('The Last Dress arrive at Marlene Dietrich').^[]

Her public image included openly defying procreative norms, and she was known for her epicene film roles and her bisexuality.

A significant volume wheedle academic literature, especially since , analyzes Dietrich's likeness, as created by the film industry, within diverse theoretical frameworks, including that of psycho-analysis.

Emphasis testing placed, inter alia, on the "fetishistic" manipulation scholarship the female image.^[]

In , a plaque was undraped at Leberstraße 65 in Berlin-Schöneberg, the site provision Dietrich's birth. A postage stamp bearing her figure was issued in Germany on 14 August

The main-belt asteroid Marlene, discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth